Environmental:
* Overcrowding: Pigs need space to move around and express natural behaviors. Overcrowding can lead to aggression, injuries, and stress.
* Poor ventilation: Poor air quality can cause respiratory problems and stress.
* Extreme temperatures: Pigs are sensitive to both heat and cold.
* Noise: Loud and sudden noises can be frightening and stressful for pigs.
* Lack of enrichment: Pigs need stimulation and opportunities to express their natural behaviors, like rooting and foraging.
* Changes in routine: Sudden changes in feeding times, handling, or environment can be stressful.
Social:
* Social isolation: Pigs are social animals and can suffer from loneliness and stress if kept alone.
* Aggression from other pigs: Competition for food, space, or dominance can lead to aggression and injuries.
* Lack of social interaction: Pigs need opportunities to interact with other pigs in a positive way.
Handling and Management:
* Rough handling: Rough handling can be stressful and painful for pigs.
* Fear of humans: Pigs can become fearful of humans if they have had negative experiences with them.
* Transportation: Transportation can be stressful for pigs, especially if it is long or poorly managed.
* Castration and other procedures: These procedures can be painful and stressful for pigs.
Health:
* Illness: Illnesses can be stressful for pigs and may lead to decreased appetite, lethargy, and other signs of stress.
* Parasites: Parasites can cause discomfort and stress for pigs.
It is important to minimize stress for pigs as it can negatively impact their health, welfare, and productivity. This can be done by providing them with a comfortable and stimulating environment, managing their social groups effectively, and handling them gently and respectfully.