1. Birth Complications:
* Dystocia (Difficult Birth): This is a major cause of calf mortality. It can occur due to:
* Large Calf: The calf may be too big for the cow to deliver naturally.
* Breech or Malpresentation: The calf is positioned incorrectly in the birth canal.
* Uterine Inertia: The cow's uterus is not contracting effectively.
* Twisted or Prolapsed Cord: The umbilical cord may be twisted or prolapse, cutting off oxygen to the calf.
* Stillbirth: The calf is born dead due to complications during gestation.
* Premature Birth: The calf is born before it is fully developed.
2. Infections and Diseases:
* Scours (Diarrhea): This is a common and often fatal disease in calves, caused by various bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
* Pneumonia: This is an inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by bacteria or viruses.
* Septicemia (Blood Poisoning): This is a serious infection that can quickly overwhelm a calf's system.
* Clostridial Diseases: These are a group of bacterial infections that can cause various symptoms, including sudden death.
* Johne's Disease: This is a chronic bacterial infection that can cause weight loss, diarrhea, and death.
* Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD): This virus can cause a wide range of symptoms, including diarrhea, respiratory problems, and death.
3. Nutritional Problems:
* Milk Deprivation: The calf is not getting enough colostrum (first milk) or milk.
* Milk Quality: The cow's milk is not of sufficient quality, lacking essential nutrients.
* Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar): The calf does not have enough energy due to lack of milk or other factors.
* Metabolic Disorders: These can occur due to nutritional deficiencies or imbalances.
4. Environmental Factors:
* Cold Stress: Calves are very sensitive to cold temperatures and can die from hypothermia.
* Heat Stress: Extreme heat can also be fatal to calves.
* Poor Hygiene: Unsanitary conditions can increase the risk of infections and diseases.
* Trauma: Accidents or injuries can cause death or lead to infections.
5. Congenital Defects:
* Genetic Defects: Calves can be born with genetic defects that can lead to death or other health problems.
* Birth Injuries: The calf may be injured during the birthing process.
6. Management Practices:
* Inadequate Care: Neglecting the calf's needs can contribute to its death.
* Overcrowding: Overcrowding can increase the risk of infections and disease transmission.
* Stress: Stressful conditions can weaken the calf's immune system.
It's important to note that these are just some of the common causes of calf mortality. In many cases, multiple factors may contribute to a calf's death. It's always best to consult with a veterinarian to determine the specific cause of death and to prevent future losses.