Horses:
* Cavalry: The backbone of medieval armies, horses provided speed, maneuverability, and shock power. Knights on horseback were the elite force, charging into battle with lance and sword.
* Transport: Horses hauled supplies, baggage, and even siege weapons, making them vital for logistics.
* Warhorses: Bred specifically for their strength, stamina, and temperament, they were expensive and carefully trained for battle.
Dogs:
* War Dogs: These were large, fierce dogs trained to attack the enemy, often bred for their ferocity. They were particularly useful in breaking enemy formations, harassing cavalry, and guarding camps.
* Hunting Dogs: Used for hunting, they were sometimes deployed in battles to chase and corner fleeing enemies.
Other Animals:
* Camels: Employed in some armies, primarily in the Middle East, camels provided transport, particularly across deserts. Their strength and resilience were valuable in challenging terrain.
* Elephants: While rare in Europe, elephants were occasionally used in battles, mainly in the Middle East and by some European armies against Saracens. Their size and strength made them formidable weapons.
* Pigs: Used in sieges, pigs were often driven towards enemy fortifications, forcing them to retreat or risk being trampled. They also helped to unearth mines and tunnels.
* Birds: Falcons and hawks were sometimes used in battles to distract enemies, carry messages, or even attack vulnerable troops.
Beyond Combat:
* Animals were also used for logistical purposes: Oxen were used to pull carts, sheep were used for their wool (which could be used for clothing or for making ropes), and chickens provided eggs and meat.
* Psychological Warfare: The presence of fierce animals on the battlefield could intimidate the enemy, while their absence could cause fear and demoralization among one's own troops.
Important Note:
The use of animals in warfare varied across different times and regions during the medieval period. Some methods were more common in certain eras and cultures, while others were less prevalent.