Production Traits:
* Milk Yield: This is the most important factor. Farmers want cows that produce a high volume of milk consistently over their lactation period.
* Milk Composition: This includes factors like butterfat percentage, protein content, and somatic cell count (indicating udder health).
* Longevity: Farmers want cows that can remain productive for a long time, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Physical Traits:
* Udder: A well-attached udder with good teat placement is essential for efficient milking and reduces the risk of mastitis.
* Feet and Legs: Strong legs and sound feet are important for good mobility, which is crucial for grazing and milking.
* Body Structure: A cow with a strong, balanced body frame is less prone to injury and can handle the demands of milk production.
Reproductive Traits:
* Fertility: Cows that conceive easily and have regular calving intervals are more profitable.
* Calving Ease: This is especially important for first-calf heifers. Farmers want cows that can give birth easily and without complications.
Temperament:
* Docile: Farmers prefer cows that are calm and easy to handle, making milking and general management easier.
Other Considerations:
* Disease Resistance: Farmers want cows that are naturally resistant to common diseases, reducing health costs and production losses.
* Genetic Merit: Dairy farmers increasingly use genetic testing and selection tools to choose cows with desirable traits.
* Market Demand: Some breeds are more popular in certain regions due to their milk composition or other characteristics.
In short, dairy farmers aim for cows that are productive, healthy, and easy to manage, ensuring a profitable and sustainable operation.