Vocalizations:
* Snorting: This is a common way for bison to express alarm or aggression.
* Moos: Bison make a variety of mooing sounds, which can be used for communication between mothers and calves, or to signal the presence of danger.
* Grunting: Grunting is often used for communication between bulls, especially during the rutting season.
* Bellowing: Bellowing is a deep, resonant sound that can be used to communicate over long distances.
Body Language:
* Posturing: Bison use their bodies to communicate their intentions. For example, a bison may lower its head and charge as a threat display.
* Tail movements: Bison flick their tails to signal their mood. A raised tail often indicates aggression, while a lowered tail can suggest calmness.
* Facial expressions: Bison use their facial muscles to communicate their emotions. For example, they may widen their eyes to show fear, or wrinkle their noses to express disgust.
Scent:
* Urine marking: Bison mark their territory by urinating on prominent objects.
* Fecal piles: Bison leave large piles of dung, which contain scent signals that can be used for communication.
Other:
* Touch: Bison use touch to communicate with each other, such as licking calves or rubbing their heads together.
Communication between individuals and herds:
Bison use their communication methods to maintain social order within the herd, defend their territory, and attract mates. They are particularly vocal during the rutting season (mating season), with bulls bellowing and grunting to attract females.
Overall, bison communication is a complex system that involves a variety of signals. Their vocalizations, body language, and scents all play a role in helping them to interact with each other and navigate their environment.