Mutualism:
- Both species benefit from the relationship.
- Examples:
- Lichens: a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and an alga. The fungus provides a protective environment for the alga, while the alga provides nutrients to the fungus.
- Pollination: a mutualistic relationship between plants and pollinators (such as bees or birds). The plants produce nectar and pollen to attract pollinators, which in turn help disperse the plant's pollen and facilitate reproduction.
Commensalism:
- One species benefits from the relationship, while the other is not significantly affected (positive or negative).
- Examples:
- Epiphytes: plants that grow on the branches of trees. Epiphytes use the tree for support and access to sunlight, while not harming or benefiting the tree.
- Clownfish and sea anemones: clownfish live among the tentacles of sea anemones, which provide protection from predators. The sea anemone does not receive any direct benefit or harm from the clownfish.
To determine whether the relationship is mutualism or commensalism, closely observe and analyze the effects of the interaction on each species. If both species benefit, it's likely mutualism. If only one species benefits, with no significant effect on the other, it's likely commensalism. Long-term observations or controlled experiments may be necessary for accurate identification.