1. Size: In general, roosters are larger than hens. They have a more muscular build and a broader chest. Hens, on the other hand, tend to be smaller and more compact.
2. Head and Comb: Roosters have larger and more pronounced combs and wattles than hens. The comb is the fleshy crest on top of the head, and the wattles are the fleshy flaps hanging below the beak. These structures are generally brighter and more vibrant in color in roosters compared to hens.
3. Tail Feathers: Roosters have long, pointed tail feathers that are often curved or sickle-shaped. These feathers are known as "sickles" or "tail feathers." Hens have shorter and less ornate tail feathers.
4. Body Plumage: Roosters typically have more vibrant and colorful plumage than hens. They may display a variety of colors, patterns, and iridescent feathers. Hens, on the other hand, often have duller and more muted colors.
5. Spurs: Roosters have sharp, pointed spurs on their legs, which are located just above the feet. Spurs are primarily used for fighting and defense, and they are more developed in roosters compared to hens.
6. Behavior and Vocalizations: Roosters are known for their characteristic crowing, which is a loud, piercing vocalization often used to mark their territory and attract hens. Hens do not crow, but they produce various other vocalizations such as clucking, cackling, and purring.
7. Sexual Dimorphism: Sexual dimorphism, which refers to the distinct physical differences between males and females, is more pronounced in chickens compared to many other bird species. This allows for easy identification of the sex of chickens based on their external appearance.
It's important to note that these are general differences and there can be some variation within breeds or individual chickens. Nevertheless, these external anatomical features provide reliable indicators for distinguishing between mature male and female chickens.