1. Birth (Calf):
- Reindeer calves are born in May-June.
- They weigh around 10-12 kg at birth.
- Calves are reddish-brown in color, blending in with their surroundings for protection.
- They are nursed for about 6-8 months but start grazing on vegetation within a few weeks.
2. Summer:
- Calves grow rapidly during the summer months.
- They develop their antlers, which are covered in a soft, velvety material called velvet.
- Reindeer feed on lush vegetation and gain weight to prepare for the harsh winter.
3. Fall (Rut):
- The fall season marks the rut, which is the mating season for reindeer.
- Male reindeer (bulls) compete with each other for mates.
- They engage in battles by locking antlers, often causing damage or injury.
4. Winter:
- Winter is the most challenging time for reindeer.
- They must survive the cold temperatures and deep snow in their arctic environment.
- Reindeer rely on their thick fur, body fat, and ability to dig through snow to find vegetation.
- Males lose their antlers before females as a way to conserve energy.
5. Antler Growth:
- Antler growth begins in early spring and continues throughout summer.
- During this period, the velvet covering the antlers becomes itchy, and reindeer rub them against trees and other objects to remove it.
- The antlers harden and are used by males during the next mating season.
6. Migration (Caribou only):
- Some reindeer populations (usually referred to as caribou in North America) undertake long-distance migrations.
- The Porcupine caribou herd in Canada, for example, migrates over 5,000 km each year.
- Reindeer that don't migrate remain in their regular range throughout the year.
7. Adult
- Reindeer reach maturity around 3-5 years of age.
- Adult reindeer continue the cycle, with females giving birth to calves each spring.
- The average lifespan of a reindeer in the wild is around 10-15 years.
The reindeer life cycle is closely tied to the changing seasons and the availability of food in its habitat. Understanding this cycle is important for managing reindeer populations and ensuring their survival in their challenging arctic environment.