1. Needle-like leaves: The needle-like leaves of Deodar trees reduce the surface area exposed to the dry mountain air, minimizing water loss through transpiration.
2. Thick waxy cuticle: The leaves and stems of Deodar trees are covered with a thick waxy cuticle that further helps in preventing water loss.
3. Sunken stomata: The stomata, which are the small pores on the leaves that facilitate gas exchange, are sunken in Deodar trees. This helps reduce water vapor escaping from the stomata.
4. Deep roots: Deodar trees have long, extensive, and deep root systems that enable them to reach water sources deep in the soil, especially during dry periods.
5. Dense branching: The dense branching habit of Deodar trees creates a compact canopy that helps trap moisture and reduce windspeed, creating a more favorable microclimate within the tree.
6. Bark: The bark of Deodar trees is thick, fissured, and scaly. It protects the tree from extreme temperature fluctuations, mechanical damage, and dehydration.
These structural adaptations allow Deodar trees to survive and thrive in the harsh environmental conditions of the Himalayan mountain ranges, characterized by cold temperatures, low humidity, strong winds, and limited water availability.