- Climate change: The Arctic is warming at twice the global average rate, leading to melting permafrost, changing precipitation patterns, and altered plant and animal life.
- Habitat loss: Tundra habitats are being lost due to human activities, such as mining, oil and gas development, and infrastructure建設。
- Human disturbance: Human activities such as hunting, fishing, and tourism can disrupt the delicate balance of tundra ecosystems.
- Pollution: Industrial pollutants and emissions from vehicles and airplanes can contaminate tundra ecosystems and harm wildlife.
- Invasive species: Non-native species can invade tundra habitats and outcompete native species for resources.