Intensive domestic grazing (cattle and goats) or wildlife grazing can lead to overgrazing, which damages the vegetation. Grass cover and bush density are reduced, which negatively impacts the savannas’ biodiversity. Trees are not spared, especially their bark which herbivores appreciate (Acacia species).
Agriculture
As human populations grow, there is a greater demand for land for agriculture. In many savanna regions, this has led to the clearing of land for farming, which can result in the loss of habitat for native wildlife. In some cases, agriculture can also lead to changes in the fire regime, which can further degrade savanna ecosystems.
Fire
Fire is a natural part of savanna ecosystems, but human activity can disrupt the natural fire regime. For example, frequent burning can lead to the loss of trees and other vegetation, while fire suppression can allow woody plants to encroach on grasslands. Additionally, human-caused fires can be more intense and destructive than natural fires, which can further damage savanna ecosystems.
Climate change
Climate change is another major threat to savanna ecosystems. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns are already affecting the distribution of plants and animals in many savanna regions. For example, some tree species are shifting their ranges to higher elevations or latitudes, while others are disappearing from savannas altogether. Climate change is also increasing the frequency and intensity of droughts, which can further degrade savanna ecosystems.
Poaching
Poaching is a serious problem in many savanna regions, where wildlife is killed for its meat, fur, or other body parts. This can have a devastating impact on wildlife populations, and can also lead to changes in the food chain and other ecological interactions.
Human settlements
The expansion of human settlements into savanna regions can also have a negative impact on these ecosystems. This can lead to habitat loss, fragmentation, and increased hunting and poaching. Additionally, human settlements can be a source of pollution, which can further degrade savanna ecosystems.
Other activities
Other human activities that can have a negative impact on savanna ecosystems include logging, mining, and road construction. These activities can all lead to habitat loss, fragmentation, and other forms of degradation.