Sight: Calves have excellent eyesight and quickly learn to identify their mother's unique markings, such as patterns on her face, body, and udder. They can recognise their mother's face within a few days of birth.
Smell: A cow's scent is also crucial for calf recognition. They have a keen sense of smell and can distinguish their mother's unique scent from those of other cows in the herd. The calf uses its sense of smell to find its mother when separated from her.
Touch: Physical contact helps the calf bond with its mother. While suckling from their mothers, calves learn by touch, and the process reinforces their recognition of her.
Sound: Calves learn to recognise their mother's distinctive lowing or calls, associating them with her presence. They can distinguish their mother's voice from those of other cows and respond accordingly.
In addition, other factors that play a role in mother-calf bonding and recognition include the mother's behaviour, suckling habits, and maternal instinct. The bond between a calf and its mother is essential for the calf's wellbeing, as the mother provides care, nourishment, and protection.