2. Native American resistance: The Native American tribes who lived in the fur-bearing regions often resisted the incursions of the fur traders. This resistance could take the form of violence, trade boycotts, or other forms of economic disruption.
3. Transportation challenges: The vast majority of fur-bearing regions were located in remote and inaccessible areas. This made it difficult and expensive to transport furs to market.
4. Harsh climate: The climate in the fur-bearing regions was often harsh and unforgiving. Fur traders had to contend with extreme cold, snow, and ice, as well as the dangers of wild animals.
5. Disease: Disease was a major killer of fur traders. Common diseases included smallpox, typhus, and malaria.