Adult leopards:
* Lions: In areas where they co-exist, lions are the only animal that can truly prey on adult leopards. This is rare but not unheard of, especially when lions are hungry and leopards are vulnerable.
* African wild dogs: While not a primary predator, African wild dogs can occasionally kill leopards, especially if they are hunting in packs and the leopard is injured or young.
Leopard cubs:
* Lions: Lions are a significant threat to leopard cubs, as they may readily attack them for food.
* Hyenas: Hyenas are opportunistic predators and can pose a threat to leopard cubs, especially when the mother is absent.
* Crocodiles: In areas near water, crocodiles can pose a threat to cubs, especially if they are venturing close to the water's edge.
* Large pythons: Some large snake species, like pythons, are known to prey on small leopards and cubs.
Other factors:
* Human conflict: Humans can pose a threat to leopards through habitat loss, hunting, and retaliatory killings.
* Disease: Leopards are susceptible to various diseases, including rabies and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), which can weaken their immune system and make them vulnerable to predators.
It's important to remember that these interactions are not always predator-prey relationships in the traditional sense. Many times, they involve competition for resources, territory, or prey, rather than a direct kill.