- Deforestation: Large areas of the rainforest have been cleared for various purposes such as agriculture, logging, and urban development. This extensive deforestation has fragmented the forest and reduced its overall size and connectivity, leading to habitat loss.
- Illegal Logging: The rainforest faces significant pressure due to illegal logging activities, both for commercial purposes and local use. Illegal logging disrupts the forest ecosystem and depletes valuable tree species, contributing to deforestation and biodiversity loss.
- Cattle ranching and agriculture: The expansion of cattle ranching and agricultural practices into rainforest areas has been responsible for deforestation, especially in the lowlands. The conversion of forest land to pastures and cropland has been driven by economic incentives, primarily for the export of beef, bananas, and other agricultural commodities.
- Infrastructure Development: The construction of infrastructure projects such as roads, highways, and dams often involves clearing rainforest areas. These projects fragment the forest, disrupting wildlife habitats, altering hydrological patterns, and intensifying deforestation.
- Climate Change: The Central American rainforest, like other tropical forests worldwide, is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Increasing temperatures, altered rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events can affect tree species' distribution, phenology, and overall ecosystem dynamics, jeopardizing the integrity of the rainforest.