Here's how horses get it:
1. Through Insect Bites:
* The primary vector for PHF is the "common biting midge," also known as "no-see-ums," a type of small fly. These insects are found near water and are most active during dawn and dusk.
* Midges become infected when they feed on infected animals (usually raccoons).
* Once infected, the midges carry the bacteria and can transmit it to horses during subsequent bites.
2. Ingestion of Infected Snails:
* Snails are also intermediate hosts for the bacteria. They become infected when they ingest the larvae of infected midges.
* Horses can get PHF by ingesting infected snails or by eating grass contaminated with their slime trails.
Other Possible Routes of Infection:
* Direct contact: While rare, direct contact with infected animals can theoretically transmit the bacteria.
* Contaminated water: Water sources contaminated with infected snails could be a potential route of infection.
It is important to note:
* Not all horses bitten by infected midges will develop PHF.
* The exact route of infection can vary depending on the individual horse, the environment, and the presence of infected vectors.
Understanding how horses get PHF helps you take preventive measures, such as:
* Insect control: Use repellents, minimize exposure during peak midge activity hours, and consider using fly control measures.
* Snail control: Reduce snail populations around horse facilities and minimize contact with snail-infested areas.
* Vaccination: There is a vaccine available for PHF, which can significantly reduce the risk of the disease.
If you suspect your horse might have PHF, it is essential to contact your veterinarian immediately. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a favorable outcome.