There are many factors that can contribute to laminitis, but the most common causes are:
1. Endotoxins from the Gut:
* High Carbohydrate Diets: Overfeeding grain or lush pasture can lead to an overload of sugar and starch in the horse's gut. This can cause an overgrowth of bacteria that release endotoxins, which damage the laminae.
* Cushing's Disease (Equine Pituitary Pars Intermedia Dysfunction - PPID): This hormonal condition can make horses more susceptible to laminitis due to increased insulin resistance and difficulty regulating blood sugar.
* Obesity: Overweight horses are more likely to develop laminitis due to the increased workload on their hooves and the potential for metabolic issues.
2. Other Metabolic Issues:
* Insulin Resistance: Horses with insulin resistance struggle to process sugar effectively, which can lead to laminitis.
* Cushing's Disease: As mentioned above, Cushing's disease can cause insulin resistance and increase the risk of laminitis.
* Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can increase the risk of laminitis.
* Certain Medications: Some medications can contribute to laminitis, particularly corticosteroids.
3. Trauma and Injury:
* Severe Lameness: Horses with severe lameness may be more prone to laminitis.
* Foot Injuries: Any injury to the hoof can damage the laminae and increase the risk of laminitis.
* Excessive Exercise: Horses that are suddenly subjected to intense exercise can be at risk.
4. Infections:
* Septicemia: Systemic infection can trigger inflammation in the laminae.
* Foot Rot: Infection within the hoof can spread to the laminae.
5. Other Factors:
* Heat Stress: Hot weather can increase the risk of laminitis.
* Certain Breeds: Some breeds, such as ponies, are more susceptible to laminitis.
It's important to note that the exact mechanisms that lead to laminitis are not fully understood. However, the factors listed above contribute to the inflammation and damage of the laminae, which is the root cause of the condition.