There are four strains of the virus: eastern, western, Venezuelan and St. Louis. Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis (EEE) is most commonly found on the East Coast of the United States. The Western strain (WEE) is most often found on the West Coast and the central states. The St. Louis strain is widely seen across the country. The Venezuelan strain is in Florida.
The infection attacks the central nervous system and slows down many body systems, which is where the term "sleeping" comes in.
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Treatment
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There is no cure for Equine Sleeping Sickness. It needs to run its course, supported by proper nursing care. A veterinarian may recommend anti-inflammatory drugs or anti-seizure medications. An IV or hospitalization may also be necessary.
Transmission
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Mosquitos transmit the virus to unvaccinated horses. Equine Sleeping Sickness is transferred by biting insects such as flies and mosquitoes. It is generally not transmissible between horses and humans.
It can take one to three weeks for the disease to incubate. Once sick, it can take three to six weeks for a horse to recover. Horses who do recover may have permanent brain damage and may not be safe to ride or breed.
Signs
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An infected horse may show signs of depression, reduced appetite, a hanging lower lip, fever, loss of balance, walking in circles or seizures.
If you suspect a horse has the virus, call a veterinarian immediately.
Prevention
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Vaccination every six months is the only way to prevent the virus. Get horses vaccinated against the virus at least two weeks before mosquito season starts. Vaccinations usually last six months. Most veterinarians will recommend a dual vaccine for the Eastern and Western strains.
If you suspect a horse is infected with Equine Sleeping Sickness, quarantine them immediately to prevent further spread of the disease.
Mosquito control is critical to preventing an outbreak. Use fly sprays to also help prevent mosquito bites. Eliminate any pools or puddles of standing water. Keep birds from nesting in barns.
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