1. Wolves: Wolves are known to hunt large herbivores, including horses, especially in areas where they coexist.
2. Mountain Lions (Cougars): Mountain lions are skilled hunters and may occasionally prey on horses, particularly in open ranges and wilderness areas.
3. Bears: Some bear species, such as grizzly bears and brown bears, have been known to attack horses, particularly during periods of food scarcity.
4. Alligators and Crocodiles: In certain regions where horses have access to water bodies, alligators and crocodiles can pose a threat, especially if they are found near watering holes.
5. Wild Dogs (Dholes, African Wild Dogs): In certain parts of the world, wild dogs such as dholes and African wild dogs can be a significant threat to horses.
6. Hyenas: Hyenas, particularly spotted hyenas, are opportunistic predators and may target horses if they come across them in their hunting territories.
7. Jaguars: In some regions of the Americas, jaguars have been known to prey on horses, especially in habitats where their ranges overlap.
8. Lions: Lions, commonly found in Africa, can occasionally hunt horses, especially when other prey is scarce.
It's important to note that the extent and frequency of predation on horses depend on various factors such as habitat, ecosystem balance, human activities, and conservation efforts. Additionally, horses kept under human care and management, such as on ranches or in equestrian facilities, usually have additional protection against potential predators.