There are several factors that can contribute to founder, including:
1. Sudden changes in diet: Rapidly introducing large amounts of high-carbohydrate feeds, such as grain or molasses, can cause an overload of sugars in the bloodstream. This can lead to laminitis as the body attempts to process and eliminate the excess sugars.
2. Obesity: Overweight or obese horses are more at risk of founder as the extra weight puts stress on the hooves and increases the likelihood of inflammation in the laminae.
3. Metabolic disorders: Certain metabolic conditions, such as equine metabolic syndrome (EMS) and Cushing's disease, can disrupt normal glucose regulation and increase the risk of laminitis.
4. Sudden hoof stress: Sudden changes in the horse's environment or activities, such as prolonged standing on hard surfaces or exposure to extreme temperatures, can place stress on the hooves and trigger founder.
5. Bacterial infections: Some bacterial infections, such as Salmonella and E. coli, can produce toxins that can damage the laminae and cause founder.
6. Retained placenta: In mares, retained placenta after foaling can release toxins into the bloodstream that can lead to laminitis.
7. Sudden hoof injuries: Severe hoof injuries, such as punctures or cracks, can damage the laminae and cause inflammation.
8. Certain medications: Some medications, such as corticosteroids, can increase the risk of founder if used in high doses or for extended periods.
It's important to note that founder is not always preventable, but managing risk factors and maintaining proper hoof care can help reduce the likelihood of this condition occurring.