Vocalizations:
* Neigh: A friendly greeting or a call for attention.
* Whicker: A softer, higher-pitched neigh used for communication between mares and foals.
* Snort: Can express excitement, fear, or even annoyance.
* Nicker: A soft, low sound often used to call a foal or express affection.
* Whinny: A high-pitched sound used to express alarm or distress.
* Roar: A deep, guttural sound made by stallions when fighting or showing dominance.
Body Language:
* Ears: Forward ears indicate attentiveness or interest, while flattened ears can signal fear or aggression.
* Tail: A raised tail can mean excitement or anticipation, while a lowered tail can indicate fear or submission.
* Mouth: A relaxed mouth with open lips indicates calmness, while a closed mouth with teeth bared can signal aggression.
* Eyes: Wide eyes can show fear or excitement, while narrowed eyes can indicate aggression.
* Body Posture: A high head and arched neck can show dominance, while a lowered head and lowered body can show submission.
* Kicking: A powerful way to defend themselves or assert dominance.
* Biting: A less common form of aggression, usually used in self-defense.
Scent:
* Flehmen response: Horses curl their upper lip to inhale scent pheromones, which help them identify other horses, their reproductive status, and their social hierarchy.
Other:
* Pawing: Can be a sign of impatience or boredom.
* Rolling: Can be a sign of contentment or a way to relieve itching.
* Rubbing: Horses rub their heads against objects to mark their territory or relieve itching.
Horses are complex creatures with a rich communication system. By understanding their vocalizations, body language, and scent signals, we can better understand their needs and build stronger relationships with them.