1. Stallion: At the top of the hierarchy is the dominant stallion, also known as the herd stallion or band stallion. The dominant stallion is responsible for protecting the band, maintaining territory, and ensuring that mares within the band are bred by him. He asserts dominance through displays of strength, aggression, and vocalizations.
2. Lead Mare: Next in the hierarchy is the lead mare. The lead mare is typically the oldest and most experienced mare in the band. She leads the band during movements and grazing and helps maintain the social structure. The lead mare often has a close relationship with the dominant stallion and may play a role in mediating conflicts within the band.
3. Mares and Foals: Mares with foals occupy an important position in the hierarchy. They are protected by the dominant stallion and may be given priority access to resources, such as food and water. The bond between a mare and her foal is strong, and they often form close relationships with other mares and foals in the band.
4. Subordinate Stallions: Below the dominant stallion are the subordinate stallions. These are younger males that have not yet reached full maturity or have not established their own bands. Subordinate stallions may challenge the dominant stallion for dominance, but such challenges are often unsuccessful.
5. Young Stallions and Mares: Young stallions and mares that have not yet reached sexual maturity occupy the lowest ranks in the hierarchy. They are subordinate to all adult horses and are often the last to access resources.
The social hierarchy in mustang bands is maintained through various means, including aggressive encounters, submission, and appeasement behaviors. This structure ensures that the strongest and most capable horses hold leadership positions and that the band functions cohesively as a unit.