* Body: Wood (typically ash, hickory, or oak)
* Wheels: Wood (typically hickory or oak), iron or steel
* Axles: Iron or steel
* Springs: Leather or steel
* Upholstery: Leather or fabric
* Trim: Brass or silver
Construction:
1. The body of the carriage was constructed from a series of wooden panels that were joined together with mortise and tenon joints.
2. The wheels were made from wooden spokes that were fitted into a metal hub. The tires were made from iron or steel.
3. The axles were made from iron or steel and were attached to the body of the carriage with springs.
4. The springs were made from leather or steel and were designed to absorb shock and vibration.
5. The upholstery was made from leather or fabric and was used to cover the seats and backs of the carriage.
6. The trim was made from brass or silver and was used to decorate the carriage.
Horse carriages were typically drawn by two or four horses. The horses were harnessed to the carriage with a series of leather straps and buckles. The driver of the carriage sat on a seat at the front of the carriage and controlled the horses with a whip and reins.