1. Early Domestication and Basic Training:
* Breaking: This was the initial step, involving taming wild horses and acclimating them to human interaction. It involved handling, gentle training, and building trust.
* Groundwork: Once the horse was comfortable with humans, basic training started. This included teaching obedience to commands, walking, trotting, and stopping.
* Harnessing and Riding: Horses were then trained to wear a harness or saddle, and riders learned to control them with reins and stirrups.
2. Specialized Training for Warfare:
* Cavalry:
* Maneuverability: Horses were trained for speed, agility, and quick turns to effectively charge and maneuver in battle.
* Endurance: Training included long marches and stamina exercises to prepare them for long campaigns.
* Fighting: Some horses were trained to attack, using their hooves or even carrying weapons like lances.
* Discipline: Cavalry horses were taught to remain calm and disciplined under pressure, responding to commands in the midst of chaos.
* Heavy Cavalry:
* Strength: These horses were bred and trained for size and strength to carry heavy knights and armor.
* Training: They were trained to charge and impact enemy lines with force, using their weight and momentum.
* Control: Due to their strength and size, special techniques were used to manage and control them.
* Archery and Other Roles:
* Horses for archers: These horses were trained to be steady and controlled, allowing archers to aim accurately while moving.
* Transport: Horses were used to carry supplies, equipment, and even wounded soldiers.
3. Advanced Techniques and Equipment:
* Bits and Bridles: Different types of bits were used to control horses for different purposes, from gentle training to intense warfare.
* Armor: Some horses were armored for protection in battle, offering additional security to both the horse and its rider.
* Special Tactics: Horses were trained for specific tactics like flanking maneuvers, scouting, and messenger duties.
4. Importance of the Rider-Horse Bond:
* Trust: A strong bond between rider and horse was crucial for effective warfare. This bond was fostered through consistent training, communication, and mutual respect.
* Communication: The rider learned to communicate effectively with the horse through subtle cues, voice commands, and body language.
5. Impact on Warfare:
Horses had a profound impact on warfare, allowing for greater mobility, tactical flexibility, and shock value. Their training was essential for their effectiveness on the battlefield, giving rise to powerful cavalry units and shaping the course of military history.
Remember: This is a general overview. The specific methods and techniques varied depending on the culture, time period, and specific roles the horses were intended for.