1. Fish:
- Beluga whales primarily feed on a variety of fish species, including Arctic cod, capelin, herring, salmon, and flounder.
- They use their excellent echolocation abilities to locate fish schools and hunt them effectively.
- Belugas are known to congregate in large groups to cooperatively hunt and feed on dense schools of fish.
2. Invertebrates:
- Belugas also consume a significant amount of invertebrates, such as squid, octopus, shrimp, and crabs.
- These invertebrates are often found near the surface of the water, making them accessible to belugas.
- Belugas may use their powerful jaws to crush the shells of invertebrates, allowing them to extract the soft tissue inside.
3. Marine Mammals:
- Although less common, beluga whales have been known to hunt and feed on smaller marine mammal species.
- Seals, porpoises, and even other belugas may occasionally be part of their diet.
- Hunting marine mammals requires more effort and cooperation, and it's typically seen in areas where resources are limited or during specific times of the year.
4. Seasonal Changes:
- Beluga whales adjust their diet based on seasonal changes and availability of prey.
- During the summer months, when fish are more abundant, they primarily focus on fish consumption.
- As winter approaches and fish populations decline, belugas may shift to feeding more on invertebrates and marine mammals.
5. Feeding Behavior:
- Belugas are known for their social feeding behavior. They often work together to herd and capture schools of fish, increasing their efficiency in obtaining food.
- They may use a variety of techniques, including bubble nets and coordinated swimming patterns, to trap and concentrate their prey.
Overall, beluga whales exhibit flexibility and adaptability in their feeding habits, allowing them to thrive in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments where they reside. Their diverse diet and social feeding strategies enable them to optimize their energy intake and survive in these challenging ecosystems.