1. Bacterial Infections: Killer whales can contract bacterial infections such as pneumonia, caused by bacteria like *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* or *Escherichia coli*. These infections can lead to respiratory distress, sepsis, and even death in severe cases.
2. Viral Infections: Killer whales are also prone to viral infections, including morbillivirus, which causes distemper-like symptoms such as fever, respiratory problems, and skin lesions. Other viral infections reported in killer whales include phocine distemper virus (PDV) and cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV).
3. Parasitic Infections: Killer whales can be infected by various parasites, including flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms. These parasites can attach to the whale's skin, internal organs, or respiratory system, causing discomfort, tissue damage, and nutrient depletion.
4. Fungal Infections: Fungal infections, particularly caused by Candida species, have also been reported in killer whales. These infections can affect the skin, respiratory system, or gastrointestinal tract.
5. Protozoan Infections: Killer whales can be infected by protozoan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii, which can cause toxoplasmosis. This infection can lead to neurological problems, reproductive disorders, and general weakness in the animal.
6. Skin Diseases: Killer whales may suffer from skin conditions like sunburn, caused by prolonged exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation, and skin lesions associated with bacterial or viral infections.
7. Eye Infections: Eye infections, such as conjunctivitis (pink eye) caused by bacteria or viruses, can affect killer whale vision and overall health.
8. Dental Problems: Killer whales can experience dental problems, including tooth decay and gum disease. These issues can lead to pain and difficulty feeding.
9. Reproductive Issues: Reproductive diseases and conditions, including uterine infections, miscarriages, and complications during childbirth, can impact the reproductive success of killer whale populations.
10. Stress-Related Illnesses: Prolonged stress due to environmental factors, pollution, habitat disturbance, or social stress can compromise killer whales' immune system, making them more susceptible to diseases.
It's important to note that the occurrence of diseases in killer whales can vary depending on their geographic location, environmental conditions, and overall population health. Monitoring and studying these diseases is essential for understanding the health status and conservation needs of killer whale populations.