Predators:
* Polar bears: Polar bears are a major predator of harp seals, particularly pups on the ice.
* Orcas (killer whales): Orcas can prey on adult harp seals, especially in the water.
Prey:
* Fish: Harp seals primarily feed on fish, including cod, herring, capelin, and sand lance.
* Squid and other invertebrates: Harp seals also consume squid, shrimp, and other invertebrates.
Competitors:
* Other seal species: Harp seals may compete with other seal species for food and territory, particularly during breeding season.
* Fish-eating birds: Birds like gulls and terns may compete with harp seals for fish.
Symbiotic relationships:
* Fishes and invertebrates: Some fish and invertebrates may benefit from the presence of harp seals by scavenging on their food scraps or utilizing their abandoned haul-outs.
Indirect interactions:
* Climate change: Climate change is impacting harp seals and their environment, affecting their prey availability and breeding patterns.
* Human activities: Human activities such as fishing and oil exploration can impact harp seal populations.
It's important to note that the specific interactions between harp seals and other animals vary depending on location, season, and the individual animals involved.