* Disease and parasites: Like other marine mammals, orcas are susceptible to a variety of diseases, including bacterial infections, viral diseases, and parasites. Some diseases, such as morbillivirus and toxoplasmosis, can be fatal to orcas.
* Environmental stressors: Orcas can be impacted by environmental stressors, such as habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Habitat loss can reduce the amount of available prey and increase competition between orcas and other predators. Pollution can contaminate orcas' food sources and cause health problems, while climate change can alter their habitat and disrupt their food chain.
* Hunting: Although orcas are protected in many countries, they still face the threat of hunting. Some indigenous communities hunt orcas for cultural or subsistence purposes, while in some areas orcas are hunted for their meat or oil.
* Captivity: Orcas have also been captured for the purpose of keeping them in captivity for public display. However, life in captivity can be stressful for orcas and can have a negative impact on their health and well-being.