1. Crustaceans: Some penguin species, such as the Humboldt penguin and macaroni penguin, feed on crustaceans like shrimp, prawns, and crabs.
2. Cephalopods: In addition to fish, penguins also eat cephalopods, such as squid and cuttlefish.
3. Small Marine Invertebrates: Certain penguin species may consume small marine invertebrates, including zooplankton and salps.
4. Carrion: Some penguins, like the gentoo penguin, have been observed scavenging on dead seabirds, seals, and even other penguins.
5. Marine Plants: A few penguin species, such as the rockhopper penguin, sometimes feed on marine plants like kelp and algae.
It's important to note that while these food items may occasionally be included in a penguin's diet, fish make up the majority of their nutritional intake. Penguins are highly adapted to pursuing and catching fish underwater, using their streamlined bodies and specialized flippers to swim efficiently through the water. Their diets primarily revolve around the availability and abundance of fish in their respective habitats.
Remember that different penguin species may have unique dietary preferences based on their environment, the season, and the available food sources.