1. Nest Guarding: Male sticklebacks build nests and guard them aggressively against predators and other fish. They remain in the vicinity of the nest to ensure the safety of the eggs and later, the hatchlings.
2. Fanning: Male sticklebacks perform a fanning motion with their fins to bring oxygen-rich water to the eggs. This constant water flow provides the developing embryos with a continuous supply of oxygen, which is crucial for their survival.
3. Removal of Debris: Male sticklebacks regularly inspect the nest and remove any debris, dead eggs, or fungal growth. This helps maintain the cleanliness of the nest and prevents the growth of harmful microorganisms that could infect the eggs or hatchlings.
4. Nest Repair and Maintenance: Male sticklebacks continually maintain the nest by adding more nesting material if necessary and repairing any damage to its structure. A strong and well-maintained nest provides better protection for the eggs and hatchlings.
5. Defense against Predators: Male sticklebacks defend the nest against potential predators such as larger fish, insects, and birds. By guarding the nest, they reduce the risk of predation and increase the survival rates of their offspring.
6. Parental Investment: In many stickleback species, males make significant investments in parental care. By providing aftercare to their babies, they ensure that their genes are passed on to the next generation.
The level of aftercare provided by male sticklebacks can vary depending on the species and specific environmental conditions. However, overall, their efforts play a crucial role in the survival and success of their young, and ultimately contribute to the continuation of the stickleback population.