Viviparity (Live-bearing): Other shark species, such as the blue shark and great white shark, give birth to live young. These species have internal fertilization, and the embryos develop within the mother's uterus. The mother provides nourishment to the embryos through a specialized organ called the placenta.
Aplacental Viviparity: Some shark species, such as the spiny dogfish and swell shark, have a form of viviparity known as aplacental viviparity. In this case, the embryos develop within the mother's uterus but receive nourishment from a yolk sac rather than a placenta.
Ovoviviparity: A few shark species, such as the lemon shark and bonnethead shark, exhibit ovoviviparity. In this reproductive strategy, the female shark produces eggs that develop and hatch internally. The embryos receive nourishment from the yolk sac within the egg until they are ready to hatch.
Parental Care: The level of parental care provided by sharks varies depending on the species. Some species, such as the nurse shark and wobbegong shark, provide extensive care for their young. The mother shark may stay with the eggs or newly hatched young, protecting them from predators and providing them with food. Other shark species, such as the great white shark and tiger shark, provide little or no parental care, and the young must fend for themselves from birth.