1. Overfishing and Bycatch: Makos are often caught as bycatch in commercial and recreational fishing operations targeting tuna, swordfish, and other pelagic species. Their fins are highly valued in some Asian markets, making them susceptible to overfishing and finning.
2. Low Reproductive Rate: Mako sharks have a relatively low reproductive rate compared to other shark species. Female makos typically give birth to only a few pups (usually 4-8) every two to three years. This slow reproductive cycle makes it difficult for their populations to recover from the impacts of overfishing.
3. Long Life Cycle: Mako sharks are long-lived animals, with some individuals reaching an age of over 50 years. This extended life span makes them more vulnerable to cumulative impacts, such as declining prey populations, habitat degradation, and pollution.
4. Habitat Degradation and Loss: Mako sharks migrate widely across the oceans and rely on healthy marine habitats such as coastal waters, open ocean, and seamounts. Habitat degradation, such as coastal development, pollution, and overfishing, can adversely affect their movement patterns, food availability, and reproduction.
5. Insufficient Protected Areas: Many regions where mako sharks are found lack effective marine protected areas (MPAs). These sanctuaries could help to safeguard critical habitats, reduce fishing pressure, and protect mako sharks from overexploitation.
6. Slow Growth: Makos have a slow growth rate, and it takes many years for them to reach maturity. This makes them more susceptible to fishing pressure before they have a chance to reproduce.
Given these threats and challenges, international conservation efforts are needed to protect mako sharks and ensure their long-term survival. Measures like stricter fisheries management, reduced bycatch, protection and establishment of marine protected areas, and public awareness campaigns are essential for conserving mako sharks and maintaining the health of marine ecosystems.