Viviparous shark mothers use extra energy stores to provide extra nourishment for their young through a placenta-like structure and some may give birth to young that are relatively large as a result. Most sharks are ovoviviparous, which means that the eggs hatch inside the mother's body and the young develop without any further maternal nutrition from a yolk sac.
Special reproductive structures
Viviparous and ovoviviparous shark species have special reproductive structures that allow the mother to hold and nourish her developing young until they are ready to be born or hatched. Ovoviviparous sharks have a special gland called the uterine milk gland that secretes a nutritious fluid that helps the young sharks develop.
Protection from predators
Viviparous and ovoviviparous shark mothers often seek out safe and secluded areas to give birth or hatch their young, such as caves, reefs, or seagrass beds. This provides the young sharks with protection from predators and allows them to develop without being disturbed. Additionally, some shark species may form groups or schools during the birthing or hatching process, which provides added protection for the young sharks.
Parental care
Some shark species exhibit parental care, which means that the mother or father remains with the young sharks after they are born or hatched and provides them with protection, food, or guidance. Parental care can involve guarding the young sharks from predators, teaching them how to hunt and survive, or providing them with food in the form of regurgitated prey.