* Thick layer of blubber: This is a thick layer of fat found just beneath the skin. Blubber is an excellent insulator, trapping heat and preventing it from escaping into the surrounding water.
* Counter-current heat exchange: Blood vessels in their limbs are arranged in a special way, allowing warm blood flowing from the heart to transfer heat to cold blood returning from the extremities. This keeps the core warm while minimizing heat loss.
* Specialized blood vessels: Whales have specialized blood vessels in their skin that can constrict to reduce blood flow and heat loss. This is especially important in colder waters.
* Smaller surface area to volume ratio: Whales have a streamlined body shape with relatively small fins and tails, which reduces their overall surface area exposed to cold water. This helps minimize heat loss.
These adaptations work together to help whales survive in even the coldest oceans.