* Habitat destruction: The destruction of penguin habitats for human development, such as housing, fishing, and tourism, is a major threat to their survival.
* Overfishing: The depletion of fish stocks, which penguins rely on for food, is another factor contributing to their population decline.
* Pollution: Oil spills, plastic pollution, and other forms of pollution can harm penguins and their habitats.
* Predation: Introduced predators, such as dogs, cats, and rats, can prey on penguins and their eggs.
* Disease: Penguins are susceptible to a variety of diseases, which can spread quickly through their colonies.