* Marine mammals: Oil spills can cause marine mammals to lose their insulation and become hypothermic, ingest toxic oil, or be directly injured by oil drilling and production activities. Some species of marine mammals, such as the polar bear, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of the oil industry because they rely on sea ice for survival.
* Sea birds: Oil spills can cause sea birds to lose their ability to fly, ingest toxic oil, or be directly injured by oil drilling and production activities. Some species of sea birds, such as the marbled murrelet, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of the oil industry because they nest on small islands and are slow to reproduce.
* Coral reefs: Oil spills and drilling can damage coral reefs by smothering them with oil, releasing toxic chemicals into the water, and increasing the temperature of the water. Coral reefs are important ecosystems because they provide food and shelter for a variety of marine species.
* Fish: Oil spills can cause fish to ingest toxic oil, develop birth defects, or die from oil-induced stress. Some species of fish, such as salmon and tuna, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of the oil industry because they migrate long distances and can be exposed to oil spills in multiple locations.
* Sea turtles: Oil spills can cause sea turtles to ingest toxic oil, develop birth defects, or be injured by oil drilling and production activities. Some species of sea turtles, such as the leatherback turtle, are particularly vulnerable to the effects of the oil industry because they nest on sandy beaches that are often contaminated by oil spills.
In addition to these direct impacts, the oil industry can also have indirect impacts on biodiversity by altering habitats, increasing the risk of disease, and introducing invasive species. The cumulative effects of these impacts can have a significant impact on the health of ecosystems and the species that live in them.