Vulnerability is determined by several factors, such as:
1. Population Size and Decline: Species with small and declining populations are more susceptible to extinction. A substantial reduction in their numbers can occur due to habitat loss, hunting, disease outbreaks, or other threats.
2. Geographic Range Restriction: Species with limited geographic ranges are particularly vulnerable. This is because they have fewer options to move and adapt if their habitat is lost or degraded.
3. Habitat Fragmentation: Fragmentation of habitats can significantly impact vulnerable species. Their populations become isolated and smaller, making them more vulnerable to genetic problems and environmental changes.
4. Dependency on Specific Resources: Species that heavily rely on specific habitats, food sources, or breeding sites are more susceptible to vulnerability. If these critical resources are affected or lost, their survival is jeopardized.
5. Hunting, Exploitation, and Trade: Overexploitation of vulnerable species, including hunting for food, fur, or other body parts, can lead to population declines. Illegal wildlife trade further threatens many vulnerable species.
Vulnerability can also be influenced by factors such as climate change, introduction of invasive species, pollution, and natural disasters.
Species listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN are closely monitored and studied to determine the best conservation measures. Conservation efforts may include habitat protection and restoration, reducing threats, implementing species recovery plans, and raising awareness about their conservation status.
Examples of Vulnerable species include the African elephant, giant panda, blue whale, and snow leopard.