Cartilage Skeleton: Sharks' skeletons are made of cartilage instead of bone, making them lighter and more flexible than bony fish. This adaptation assists in buoyancy, speed, and agility.
Teeth: Sharks have multiple rows of sharp, serrated teeth designed to capture and hold prey. These teeth continuously fall out and are replaced throughout the shark's life.
Lateral Lines: Sharks have lateral lines that run along their body, allowing them to sense vibrations in the water. This aids in prey detection, obstacle avoidance, and communication.
Ampullae of Lorenzini: Shark's possess electroreceptors called ampullae of Lorenzini, which detect weak electric fields generated by prey animals and marine organisms. This ability enhances their hunting capabilities.
Liver: The shark's liver is substantial, often making up a significant proportion of its total body weight. It serves various functions, including buoyancy control, energy storage, and detoxification.
Cloaca: Sharks have a cloaca, a single outlet for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. This common opening optimizes the efficient use of body space and streamlining.
Osmoregulation: Sharks have a specialized system for regulating salt and water balance in their bodies. This adaptation helps them survive in both saltwater and freshwater environments.
Spiracles: Some shark species have spiracles, secondary gill openings behind the eyes. Although their function is not fully understood, spiracles might support respiration or enhance sensory capabilities.
Skin: Shark skin is covered in dermal denticles, tiny tooth-like scales, providing protection against parasites, reducing friction, and aiding in camouflage.