How do you make Aqua Fortis?

Aqua fortis, also known as concentrated nitric acid, can be made through a process called distillation. Here is a general outline of the steps involved:

Equipment and Materials:

- Distillation apparatus (a flask, condenser, and receiver)

- Nitric acid (HNO3) solution

- Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)

- Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Procedure:

1. Setup: Assemble the distillation apparatus with the flask, condenser, and receiver connected.

2. Reactants: Place the nitric acid solution in the distillation flask. Add a saturated solution of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) to this. Then carefully add concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The proportion of nitric acid, sodium nitrate, and sulfuric acid should be approximately 1:1:2 (by volume or weight).

3. Heating: Gently heat the mixture in the distillation flask. As the temperature increases, nitric acid will begin to evaporate and condense in the receiver as Aqua Fortis.

4. Distillation: Continue heating until no more nitric acid distills over (or until most of the liquid in the flask has evaporated). The temperature should be kept below 120 degrees Celsius to prevent decomposition of the nitric acid.

5. Cooling: Allow the Aqua Fortis to cool in the receiver while the distillation apparatus is still connected.

6. Handling and Storage: Aqua Fortis is a highly corrosive substance and must be handled with caution. It should be stored in a labeled and airtight container in a cool and dry place.

Note: It's important to carry out this process in a well-ventilated area and to use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves, eye protection, and a respirator, to protect against the corrosive fumes.

It's also worth noting that the production of concentrated nitric acid through this method should only be attempted by individuals with the proper knowledge, training, and safety precautions in place. This process should not be attempted by anyone without the necessary skills and equipment.