Sturnus vulgaris
The common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is a medium-sized passerine bird in the family Sturnidae. It is native to Eurasia and has a wide range of habitats, from open countryside to urban areas. The starling is a gregarious species and often forms large flocks, especially in winter.
Physical Characteristics
Starlings are 20-23 cm (7.9-9.1 in) in length with a wingspan of 31-38 cm (12.2-15.0 in). They have a dark iridescent plumage, with a glossy purplish sheen on the head, neck and breast, and a more greenish sheen on the back and wings. The tail is short and square-tipped, and the wings are long and pointed.
Diet
Starlings are omnivores and their diet includes a wide range of items, including insects, fruits, seeds, and small vertebrates. They are particularly fond of insects, and will often feed on the ground, probing in the soil for grubs and other invertebrates.
Behavior
Starlings are highly vocal birds and their calls are often described as "strident" or "harsh". They are also very territorial and will defend their territory against other birds, both of their own species and of other species. Starlings are also known for their habit of forming large flocks, especially in winter. These flocks can sometimes number in the thousands or even millions of individuals.
Reproduction
Starlings typically breed once or twice a year, with the breeding season varying depending on the region. They build their nests in holes in trees, buildings or other structures, and the nests are typically made of grass, leaves, and other materials. The female lays 4-6 eggs, which are incubated by both parents for 12-14 days. The chicks fledge from the nest about 21-23 days after hatching.
Migration
Starlings are migratory birds and the extent of their migration varies depending on the region. In some areas, starlings are resident birds, while in other areas they migrate south for the winter. The migration typically occurs in large flocks, and starlings often use the same migration routes year after year.
Conservation Status
The common starling is a widespread and abundant species and is not considered to be threatened. However, their large flocks can sometimes cause problems, such as noise pollution and damage to crops.