1. Restricted Access:
* Rāhui: This was a form of temporary or permanent closure of specific areas for fishing or gathering resources, allowing for the replenishment of stocks. Rāhui could be imposed by a tribe or family, often based on spiritual beliefs, but also for ecological reasons.
* Tapu: This concept of sacredness was applied to specific areas, species, or times of the year. It restricted access and harvesting, often for religious or cultural reasons, leading to conservation.
2. Fishing Practices:
* Net Fishing: Māori used nets of different sizes and materials, allowing for selective fishing and reducing bycatch.
* Hook and Line Fishing: This traditional method targeted specific fish species and minimized the impact on other marine life.
* Spear Fishing: Limited to specific areas and species, minimizing overall catch.
* Respect for the Ocean: Māori believed the ocean was a living entity that needed to be treated with respect. They practiced rituals before and after fishing, acknowledging their dependence on the ocean's bounty.
3. Knowledge of Species and Seasons:
* Māori had a deep understanding of fish behavior, migration patterns, and spawning seasons. This knowledge allowed them to target specific species at the right time, maximizing catch while minimizing impact on populations.
4. Community Involvement:
* Decision-making about resource management was often done at a community level. This allowed for shared responsibility and prevented overexploitation.
5. Intergenerational Knowledge Transfer:
* Māori knowledge about sustainable fishing practices was passed down through generations. This ensured the continuity of their conservation system.
In summary, the Māori developed a complex and effective system for managing their seafood resources. This system was based on their deep understanding of the environment, cultural beliefs, and sustainable practices, resulting in a long-term and healthy relationship with the ocean.
It's important to note that the specific practices and their implementation varied across different Māori tribes and regions.