Traditional Harpoons:
* Hand-thrown harpoon: This was the most basic type, with a wooden shaft, a barbed iron head, and a line attached. It was thrown by hand and relied on the hunter's skill and strength.
* Gun-fired harpoon: With the advent of gunpowder, harpoons were attached to a small cannon, increasing the force and accuracy of the throw. This was especially effective for larger whales.
* Boom harpoon: This involved launching the harpoon from a boom attached to the whaling boat. It offered greater range and power compared to hand-thrown harpoons.
* Bomb lance: A harpoon with an explosive charge attached to its head, used to stun or kill the whale. This was highly controversial due to the potential for collateral damage and the cruelty of its use.
Modern Harpoons:
* Explosive harpoon: This is a modified version of the bomb lance, with a smaller explosive charge designed to stun the whale. While still controversial, it was considered more humane than the older bomb lances.
* Dart harpoon: A smaller, lighter harpoon with a sharp, retractable dart, designed to be fired from a specialized gun. This allowed for more controlled hunting and reduced the risk of the harpoon breaking off during a whale's struggle.
Types based on Whale Species:
* Right whale harpoon: Designed for right whales, which were considered easier to hunt due to their slow speed and tendency to float after being killed. These harpoons often had a smaller head and a longer shaft.
* Sperm whale harpoon: Heavier and sturdier, these harpoons were used for the strong and aggressive sperm whales. They often had a larger head and a shorter shaft.
Other Important Considerations:
* Line: The rope attached to the harpoon, often made of hemp or manila. It was vital for securing the whale and hauling it back to the ship.
* Bards: The barbs on the harpoon head, which were designed to prevent it from detaching from the whale. These varied in shape and size depending on the harpoon type.
It's important to note that harpoons were only one part of the whaling industry, and the specific type of harpoon used would depend on the location, the time period, and the targeted whale species.