Facts on Bowfin Fish

The bowfin is a primitive species and the only survivor of an otherwise extinct order of fish. The cylindrical bowfin has survived since the Jurassic period, while its relatives are known today only through their fossilized remains. Bowfin fish inhabit backwater areas, where they are found among submerged branches and aquatic vegetation, or in undercut river banks. These ancient fish, which feed on crayfish, amphibians, insects and various fish species, are nocturnal hunters. Bowfin fish are found in the eastern half of the United States.

  1. General Anatomy

    • These fish are well known for their particularly long dorsal fin that extends across more than half the length of its back. In Alabama waters, the American eel is the only other fish type that has a longer dorsal fin. The tail or caudal fin of this fish has a circular appearance and is made up of a single lobe. The bowfin's head is devoid of scales, but the rest of its body is covered by cycloid plates. Bowfins are relatively large fish and can attain 3 feet in length and between 5 and 15 lbs. in weight. These fish have an estimated longevity of 30 years.

    Coloration

    • Bowfins are mottled olive green over their dorsal area and have a light colored abdomen. Both male and juvenile bowfin fish possess an immediately evident eye spot at the base of their tail fin. This feature is surrounded by an orange to yellow ring and causes predators to strike at the bowfin's back end, believing it to be the fish's head. In the ensuing confusion, the bowfin is able to quickly escape into submerged vegetation.

    Sharp Teeth and Unusual Swim Bladder

    • Bowfins have substantial canine teeth and a heavy bony plate that is located between their lower jaws. These interesting fish are capable of swallowing air from the atmosphere, which is then stored in the bowfin's swim bladder. This organ then also functions as a lung and releases the air as the fish requires it.

    Reproduction

    • Bowfins breed among weed beds during the spring. The male bowfin creates an extensive nest from roots, which can be up to 3 feet in diameter. Male bowfins breed with numerous females, after which they guard the eggs and fry that hatch from them. The fry will remain in the close proximity of their father until they are approximately 4 inches long. Young bowfins remain in a dense group or school during the time they follow and are protected by their father. Juvenile bowfins swim in or near aquatic vegetation after they leave the protection of the male and slowly adopt a more solitary existence.