1. Nitrogen fixation: Salmonberry plants have a mutualistic relationship with certain soil bacteria called rhizobia. These bacteria live in nodules on the roots of the plant and convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be used by the plant. This adaptation allows salmonberry to thrive in nitrogen-poor soils, giving it a competitive advantage over other plants.
2. Berry color: The bright red color of salmonberries attracts birds and other animals, which eat the berries and disperse the seeds in their droppings. This adaptation helps salmonberry to reproduce and spread to new areas. The red pigment in salmonberries is also a potent antioxidant that protects the plant's cells from damage by free radicals and UV light.