1. Rocks and minerals: Borneo has a diverse geology and is rich in various types of rocks and minerals. It is home to some of the world's oldest rocks, such as the schists and gneisses found in the interior highlands. Additionally, Borneo contains a variety of mineral resources, including coal, gold, copper, and diamonds.
2. Caves: Borneo is well-known for its extensive cave systems. These caves were formed by the dissolution of limestone over millions of years and are often decorated with beautiful stalactites and stalagmites. Some of the notable caves in Borneo include the Mulu Caves, which are home to the world's largest underground chamber, the Sarawak Chamber.
3. Beaches and sand: Borneo has a long coastline that stretches along the South China Sea, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea. The beaches of Borneo offer stunning views of the ocean and are popular destinations for tourists. The sand on these beaches varies in composition, from fine white sand to coarser black sand.
4. Soil: Borneo's soil is highly diverse due to variations in climate, topography, and parent material. The soils range from nutrient-poor, acidic soils in the peat swamp forests to fertile, volcanic soils in the mountainous regions. The soil's composition significantly influences the vegetation found in different parts of Borneo.
5. Water bodies: Borneo is surrounded by numerous water bodies, including the South China Sea, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea. These marine environments support a diverse range of marine life, including coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves. Additionally, Borneo has many rivers, such as the Kapuas River and the Rajang River, which provide important habitats for freshwater species.
These are just a few examples of the many nonliving components that make up the diverse ecosystem of Borneo.