What is dirt or rock removed from its original location destroying the composition of soil in process as strip mining dredging construction called?

The term you are looking for is "erosion." Erosion is the process in which soil and other materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as water, wind, ice, and gravity. It can occur naturally or be accelerated by human activities such as strip mining, dredging, and construction. When these activities remove dirt or rock from its original location, they disrupt the composition of the soil and can lead to a number of environmental problems, including sedimentation, loss of nutrients, and changes in plant and animal communities.