1. Venom Collection:
- Venomous snakes, spiders, or other animals are carefully handled and restrained.
- A small amount of venom is extracted from their fangs or stingers.
- The extracted venom is treated to inactivate its toxic properties, making it safe to work with.
2. Immunization:
- Large animals, such as horses, are used for immunization.
- Purified venom is gradually injected into the horse in small, increasing doses over time.
- The horse's immune system responds by producing antibodies against the venom.
3. Antibody Purification:
- After a sufficient immune response, blood is collected from the horse.
- The blood plasma, which contains the antibodies, is separated from other blood components.
- The antibodies specific to the venom are purified and concentrated.
4. Antivenom Production:
- The purified antibodies are formulated into an antivenom product.
- The antivenom is standardized to ensure consistent potency and safety.
- Quality control tests are performed to evaluate the antivenom's ability to neutralize venom.
5. Distribution and Use:
- The finished antivenom is packaged and distributed to healthcare facilities and medical professionals.
- When a person is bitten or stung by a venomous creature, they may be administered antivenom to counteract the effects of the venom.
It's important to note that antivenom production is a complex and specialized process that requires expertise in venom handling, immunology, and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Stringent safety and regulatory guidelines are followed throughout the process to ensure the efficacy and safety of the antivenom.