- Sumerians built city walls with mud-brick and occasionally reinforced with stone.
- Walls could reach up to 9 meters high and several meters thick.
- Towers were built along the city walls for archers to stand on and offer extra defense.
Warfare:
- Sumerians were adept at organizing armies for warfare, using standardized weapons, and mobilizing large numbers of troops.
- The Sumerian army primarily consisted of infantry, including spearmen, archers, and swordsmen.
- Chariots were also frequently employed in Sumerian warfare, providing mobility and a tactical advantage.
Military Technology:
- Sumerians were pioneers in the development of new military technologies.
- They used bronze weapons, including swords, spears, axes, and maces, giving them an advantage over their enemies who still relied on stone weapons.
- They employed siege engines such as battering rams and siege towers to breach enemy fortifications.
Naval Warfare:
- Sumerians engaged in naval warfare, making use of boats known as "gufas" that were driven by sails and oars.
- They used these vessels to transport troops and supplies, attack enemy ships, and raid coastal settlements.
Diplomacy and Alliances:
- Diplomacy played a crucial role in Sumerian defense and protection.
- Sumerian rulers formed alliances with neighboring city-states or kingdoms to strengthen their position against potential enemies.
- They engaged in treaties, negotiations, and diplomatic missions to maintain peace and secure their territories.
Espionage and Intelligence:
- Sumerians utilized espionage and intelligence gathering techniques to gain insight into enemy plans and activities.
- The Sumerians sent out spies to collect information about rival states and their military capabilities, which helped them formulate defensive strategies.