- Carbohydrates: Endosperm is primarily composed of carbohydrates, such as starch, cellulose, and hemicellulose. These carbohydrates provide energy for the developing embryo.
- Proteins: Endosperm also contains proteins, which are essential for the synthesis of new cells and tissues.
- Lipids: Endosperm may also contain lipids, such as oils and fats. These lipids provide energy and help to protect the embryo from desiccation.
- Vitamins and minerals: Endosperm contains a variety of vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, C, and E, as well as potassium, calcium, and magnesium. These nutrients are essential for the healthy development of the plant embryo.
In some cases, the endosperm may also contain specialized structures, such as the aleurone layer, which is rich in proteins and minerals, and the scutellum, which is a storage organ for lipids.
The composition of the endosperm can vary depending on the type of seed. In some seeds, the endosperm is abundant and provides the majority of the nutrients for the developing embryo. In other seeds, the endosperm is reduced or absent, and the embryo relies primarily on the cotyledons for nutrition.