* White-tailed deer: 10-15 years in the wild, with some reaching 20 years.
* Mule deer: 10-12 years in the wild.
* Elk: 15-20 years in the wild.
It's important to note that these are just average lifespans. Many deer die prematurely due to factors like:
* Predation: Wolves, bears, cougars, and other predators can kill deer.
* Disease: Deer are susceptible to various diseases, including chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis.
* Starvation: Harsh winters or drought conditions can lead to starvation.
* Hunting: Hunting pressure can significantly impact deer populations.
* Car accidents: Deer are often hit by vehicles, especially during dawn and dusk.
In captivity, where they are protected from predators and disease, deer can live even longer. Some have been known to reach over 20 years old.